Evolution Soup
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The Sixty-Six-Million-Year Shark Extinction ~ with DR JACK COOPER
Have sharks slowly-but-surely been going extinct? And are we largely to blame?
DR JACK COOPER is a recognized expert in shark biology, with many years experience in science communication, having recently completed his PhD on the functional diversity of sharks through time.
MARK from Evolution Soup talks to Jack about his work on the rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years and ask the question - are sharks going extinct?
0:00 START
02:11 The new research - overview
05:12 The Megalodon effect
06:26 Shark teeth
08:27 The human equation
10:14 Conservation - what can be done?
12:12 Upcoming projects
LINKS FOR JACK COOPER
TWITTER: @CooperPalaeo
CooperPalaeo
BLUESKY: bsky.app/profile/cooperpalaeo.bsky.social
RESEARCH
Body dimensions of the extinct giant shark Otodus megalodon: a 2D reconstruction: go.nature.com/3ge98hB
The rise and fall of shark functional diversity over the last 66 million years
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.13881
VIDEOS
Why did Megalodon go extinct? - Jack Cooper and Catalina Pimiento (TED-Ed Animation) bit.ly/4h68m41
MEGALODON - The Shark That Ate Whales bit.ly/3WvhebO
SEE ALSO
Steve Backshall x.com/SteveBackshall
Shark Conservation: www.sharktrust.org/
Swansea University: www.swansea.ac.uk/
Pimiento Research Group www.catalinapimiento.com/
BlueSky:
@pimientogroup.bsky.social
Skype a Scientist: www.skypeascientist.com/
Interviews powered by streamyard.com/
#evolutionsoup #evolution #paleo #paleontology #paleoartist #Homosapiens #hominid #artwork #Darwin #cave #bone #fossils #Neanderthal #australopithecus #hominin #extinct #animals #science #anthropology #paleoanthropology #genus #species #africa #skull #skulls #naturalselection #lucy #paleontology #megalodon #shark #sharks #sharkteeth #sharktooth #megalodontooth #fossilhunting #ocean #paleontology #greatwhiteshark #SharkWeek
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Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
Creative Commons.
Переглядів: 1 695

Відео

CHASING LUCA - Origins of the Genetic Code ~ with PROFESSOR JOANNA MASEL
Переглядів 10 тис.14 днів тому
JOANNA MASEL is Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, researching the question of evolvability - why evolution works the way it does. Just recently, Joanna and her team released a study on perhaps one of the most incredible topics out there: the origin of the genetic code. MARK from Evolution Soup talks to Joanna about the genetic code, the importance of LUCA, and Joanna's incredible r...
Tackling Asia's 'Muddle in the Middle' ~ with CHRISTOPHER BAE
Переглядів 15 тис.Місяць тому
PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER BAE is the former Chair of the Department of Anthropology and current Director of the Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawaii. His main interests center around the human evolutionary record in East Asia and all its intriguing species - especially those discovered in recent years. Asia has always been well known for its myriad of hominid species, but also for its 'm...
The First Animal? An Ediacaran Enigma - PROFESSOR SCOTT EVANS
Переглядів 18 тис.2 місяці тому
PROFESSOR SCOTT EVANS is Assistant Professor at the Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University. His main interests are centered on the biology and ecology of soft-bodied organisms from critical transitions in the history of life on Earth, focusing on the Ediacaran period over five-hundred million years ago. Today we’ll be talking not only about the Ediacaran b...
Your Inner Hunter-Gatherer ~ What Our Ancestors Can Teach Us - DR JENNY POWERS
Переглядів 5 тис.3 місяці тому
DR JENNY POWERS is a researcher and writer, having earned her PhD in immunology from the University of Colorado Denver, and now, along with co-author Luke Comer, has released her first book - On the Origin of Being: Understanding the Science of Evolution to Enhance Your Quality of Life. Through meticulous research, Powers and Comer trace human evolution from single-cell organisms through primat...
The Human Ape ~ Origins of the Genus Homo - with TRENTON HOLLIDAY
Переглядів 87 тис.3 місяці тому
PROFESSOR TRENTON HOLLIDAY is Professor of Anthropology as well as Interim Associate Dean at Tulane University in New Orleans. Last time on Evolution Soup, Professor Holliday talked about his book, Cro-Magnon: The Story of the Last Ice Age People of Europe. Cro-Magnons were part of our own ‘genus’ - that is, a group of closely related species Genus Homo. And it’s the fascinating origins of Genu...
How Hunting Changed Everything ~ MIKI BEN-DOR
Переглядів 9 тис.5 місяців тому
DR MIKI BEN-DOR is a paleoanthropologist affiliated with the Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, researching the evolution of our ancestors during the Paleolithic. His hypothesis describes the quirks of fate that forced our hominid ancestors to eat and hunt in different ways, leading to bigger and smarter brains. 0:00 START 02:07 Miki's background 04:07 The energy constraint 15:24 E...
The Evolution of Consciousness ~ PROFESSOR MICHAEL GRAZIANO
Переглядів 73 тис.6 місяців тому
Professor Michael Graziano is a Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Princeton University and his scientific research focuses on the brain basis of awareness. Not only that, he is an author of several fiction novels as well as a composer of music. MARK from Evolution Soup chats with Professor Graziano about the subject of consciousness - what it means to be conscious, and when and why it...
SECRETS OF SHANIDAR - Uncovering Neanderthals ~ with DR EMMA POMEROY
Переглядів 21 тис.6 місяців тому
Shanidar Cave in Iraqi Kurdistan has been yielding Neanderthal remains since the 1950s. The most recent remains were discovered only a few years ago, including Shanidar Z - a Neanderthal woman who had been buried under mysterious circumstances. DR EMMA POMEROY is an Associate Professor in Cambridge University a paleoanthropologist as well as an osteoarchaeologist, seen recently on the popular N...
Why We Got Smart - The Story of the Hominid Brain ~ with ZACHARY COFRAN
Переглядів 48 тис.7 місяців тому
*Apologies for some sound issues with Dr Cofran's microphone. DR ZACHARY COFRAN is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at Vassar College studying human evolution, growth, and development. We catch up with Zachary in Dublin, Ireland, while he is on a break from his research. MARK from Evolution Soup welcomes Zach back to the show and asks him one of the most intriguing questions surrounding h...
CRO-MAGNONS - The Last Ice Age People of Europe ~ with TRENTON HOLLIDAY
Переглядів 177 тис.11 місяців тому
What is the story of the "Cro-Magnons" (now more commonly referred to as European Early Modern Humans)? How did our most recent ancient relatives hunt, make art and live side-by-side with their Neandertal cousins? TRENTON HOLLIDAY is Professor of Anthropology at Tulane University. He is a human paleontologist and paleoanthropologist who specializes primarily in late Pleistocene human evolution....
When Rhinos Ruled the Earth ~ PIERRE OLIVIER-ANTOINE
Переглядів 11 тис.Рік тому
PIERRE OLIVIER-ANTOINE is a professor of paleontology at the University of Montpellier, France, with a special interest in rhinoceroses and their extinct relatives. His research takes him all over the world; Pierre has led many expeditions to such far-flung places as the Amazon and the Andes. MARK from Evolution Soup talks to Pierre about rhinos in the Ice Age and even further back in time - fr...
The Ancestors of Our Ancestors ~ with PROFESSOR DAVID BEGUN
Переглядів 107 тис.Рік тому
Did ancient African apes journey into Europe before returning to Africa? PROFESSOR DAVID R. BEGUN is a paleoanthropologist and paleoprimatologist based in the University of Toronto, researching the evolution of the lineages of great apes and humans. In August, 2023, news of the discovery of a new fossil ape - the 8-million-year-old Anadoluvius turkae - hit the headlines, supporting the hypothes...
BECOMING BIPEDS - Did It Happen More Than Once? ~ with GREGORY ADAMS
Переглядів 18 тис.Рік тому
GREGORY ADAMS is a recent graduate of Northern Arizona University, with a bachelors in biology, having gone back to school at age 39 to pursue a new career path. For his final thesis, Gregory submitted his hypothesis that hominids evolved to walk upright on more than one occasion in prehistory. Is bipedalism convergent? MARK from Evolution Soup discusses this fascinating hypothesis in detail wi...
Dunkleosteus Deconstructed ~ with RUSSELL ENGELMAN
Переглядів 4,9 тис.Рік тому
Dunkleosteus Deconstructed ~ with RUSSELL ENGELMAN
Is Evolution Dangerous By Design? ~ DR. ABBY HAFER
Переглядів 6 тис.Рік тому
Is Evolution Dangerous By Design? ~ DR. ABBY HAFER
CHASM OF THE BONES - A Deep Dive into the Sima De Los Huesos ~ with MARIO MODESTO-MATA
Переглядів 9 тис.Рік тому
CHASM OF THE BONES - A Deep Dive into the Sima De Los Huesos ~ with MARIO MODESTO-MATA
The Secret Signs of Evolution ~ with DR ALEX BEZZERIDES
Переглядів 69 тис.Рік тому
The Secret Signs of Evolution ~ with DR ALEX BEZZERIDES
RISING STAR CAVE - Homo naledi & Fire Use ~ with GINIKA RAMSAWAK
Переглядів 6 тис.Рік тому
RISING STAR CAVE - Homo naledi & Fire Use ~ with GINIKA RAMSAWAK
Secrets of Dragon Man ~ with PROFESSOR CHRIS STRINGER
Переглядів 39 тис.Рік тому
Secrets of Dragon Man ~ with PROFESSOR CHRIS STRINGER
The Deadly Biology of 'The Last of Us' ~ with Mycologist ALISON HARRINGTON
Переглядів 2,1 тис.Рік тому
The Deadly Biology of 'The Last of Us' ~ with Mycologist ALISON HARRINGTON
Why Were Homo Floresiensis So Small?
Переглядів 5 тис.Рік тому
Why Were Homo Floresiensis So Small?
HOMO ERGASTER - African Homo erectus ~ with DR KAREN BAAB
Переглядів 8 тис.Рік тому
HOMO ERGASTER - African Homo erectus ~ with DR KAREN BAAB
WHEN FISH WALKED - Tiktaalik, Qikiqtania & Early Tetrapods ~ with THOMAS STEWART
Переглядів 8 тис.2 роки тому
WHEN FISH WALKED - Tiktaalik, Qikiqtania & Early Tetrapods ~ with THOMAS STEWART
Homo antecessor - the Forgotten Europeans ~ with MARIO MODESTO-MATA
Переглядів 44 тис.2 роки тому
Homo antecessor - the Forgotten Europeans ~ with MARIO MODESTO-MATA
The Evolution of Morality ~ with DR OLIVER SCOTT CURRY
Переглядів 7 тис.2 роки тому
The Evolution of Morality ~ with DR OLIVER SCOTT CURRY
Reign of the Terror Birds - with FREDERICO DEGRANGE
Переглядів 6 тис.2 роки тому
Reign of the Terror Birds - with FREDERICO DEGRANGE
The Marvel of Mutations ~ with JON PERRY of Stated Clearly
Переглядів 3 тис.2 роки тому
The Marvel of Mutations ~ with JON PERRY of Stated Clearly
Secrets of the Piltdown Man ~ with RICK COSTE of Evolution Talk
Переглядів 2,1 тис.2 роки тому
Secrets of the Piltdown Man ~ with RICK COSTE of Evolution Talk
The Human Evolution Story ~ with TikTok's ZEKE DARWIN
Переглядів 3 тис.2 роки тому
The Human Evolution Story ~ with TikTok's ZEKE DARWIN

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @pascalguerandel8181
    @pascalguerandel8181 6 годин тому

    Humans are very holy..that's why we shit and pee 😂😂🎉🎉😅

  • @pascalguerandel8181
    @pascalguerandel8181 6 годин тому

    Creationist like fanciful cartoons...😂😂😂😅. Science rules!!!👍🤠👍

  • @michaelosterweis
    @michaelosterweis 8 годин тому

    Gain of function between the specics

  • @ivanhunter1994
    @ivanhunter1994 День тому

    Great talk, so interesting, delivered with passion and enthusiasm

  • @250txc
    @250txc День тому

    Sorry, but this is worthless info ... An educated guess at best ... Who gives a F on any of this? How has this research EVER benefit man?

  • @daverobson3084
    @daverobson3084 День тому

    So the stories( after stories , after stories, after stories) about humans being responsible for the extinction of megafauna through hunting is....exxagerated?

  • @martinsmith6049
    @martinsmith6049 День тому

    It's the noses and ears that always get me. Why are ours noses so big, and ears so small, in comparison, despite doing the same job? Breaks the If it aint broke dont fix it rule.

  • @Simsaii
    @Simsaii 2 дні тому

    5:51 “ invented by evolution” So we are just going to glance over the fact that a university professor who studied at Oxford and Stanford, who is smart enough to “understand prions and evolution”, talks about it as an “invention”? Wow.

  • @jeremyl862
    @jeremyl862 2 дні тому

    Keep up the wonderful work!

  • @shakkattack
    @shakkattack 2 дні тому

    Clearly Dr Selina knows her onions 🧅, fascinating information , thank you very much for this , learnt much today 👌🏻👍🏻😉🇬🇧🫡

  • @theodorejohnson5651
    @theodorejohnson5651 2 дні тому

    Could you do an update with Andrew Pask on the thylacine? I believe there's been some recent findings on that subject

    • @EvolutionSoup
      @EvolutionSoup 2 дні тому

      Yes I hope to be able to bring him back on the show 😀

  • @fellsmoke
    @fellsmoke 2 дні тому

    The Damasky group sound like homo Hablius

  • @Xhosalion
    @Xhosalion 2 дні тому

    Chris Stringer is concisely erudite as always: a marvel of memory and explanatory technique. The table of human evolution is especially illuminating. His speculation about Dragon Man = Denisovans tantalizing. What puzzles me is why the work of Dr Lee Berger in South Africa is completely ignored: the discovery of 2 million year old Australopithecus Sideba and 300k year old Homo Naledi. Is it his open research methodology? The holes in his research leading to belligerent claims about his discoveries which challenge orthodox paleoanthropolgy and -ists? I’d really appreciate hearing Dr Stringer’s thoughts on the subject.

  • @ChadKovac
    @ChadKovac 3 дні тому

    Dr Michael Levin

  • @oughtssought1198
    @oughtssought1198 3 дні тому

    @5:00 the good doctor says " shocks today are among the most ... " but I can't make out the next word or phrase, which is the key point in the sentence. can anyone help clarify?

    • @jamestodd2323
      @jamestodd2323 3 дні тому

      "sharks are amongst the most threatened vertebrates on earth"

    • @oughtssought1198
      @oughtssought1198 2 дні тому

      @@jamestodd2323 much thanks

  • @robertmetzler-o3w
    @robertmetzler-o3w 3 дні тому

    humans apes but where is people?

  • @Geo123-q2s
    @Geo123-q2s 4 дні тому

    So it's all about reproduction?

  • @barrymoore4470
    @barrymoore4470 4 дні тому

    It probably isn't coincidental that shark populations have declined so much in fifty years, considering the baleful role that Peter Benchley's 1974 novel 'Jaws' and the 1975 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg have played in promoting widespread public fear of these animals. Of course, it would be overly simplistic to attribute all blame to these cultural artifacts, but Benchley became aware of how his story was inspiring increased human aggression against sharks, and expressed regret for this before he died in 2006.

    • @jamestodd2323
      @jamestodd2323 4 дні тому

      His story/Spielberg's film also inspired interest and love of sharks... including the interviewee, Jack. I'm sure there have been many shark conservationists who can trace their love of sharks back to Jaws. If any are watching, let us know! 🦈

  • @davemmar
    @davemmar 4 дні тому

    A point to consider is the process of evolution does not dismiss the possibility of another species evolving into a higher order of intelligence. Birds, dogs, chimps, gorillas, dolphins, orcas are among the species we train. Their ability to learn human or say higher order choreography is not simply repetition on their part, but also an indication of their possibilities. But dogs and cats as one example have a much higher order of faithfulness and dedication to their providers which our intelligence has stymied.

  • @pseudopetrus
    @pseudopetrus 5 днів тому

    Thank you Briana Pobiner!

  • @karlnickel6347
    @karlnickel6347 6 днів тому

    Omg, the Proteine was invented. Send brain!

  • @dwmoore1234
    @dwmoore1234 6 днів тому

    "We don't know how it happened exactly" therefore the video is not about the origin of the genetic code. It is about working out the original genetic code

  • @pseudopetrus
    @pseudopetrus 6 днів тому

    Culture vrs race makes a mess of things. I have no problem that people genetically and by default, adapted to their environmental situation, (living intimately with nature), perhaps way back in time, before tech gave us the buffer. But that is all it is, it's about survival in different environments.

  • @Robert-i2d4u
    @Robert-i2d4u 6 днів тому

    Any new information?

  • @Sorour2024Sorour
    @Sorour2024Sorour 7 днів тому

    Evolution is a joke on humanity, we are all clueless how life started to complex for our little minds.

  • @markthomas3730
    @markthomas3730 7 днів тому

    CREATING & CONTROLING FIRE, AND COOKING IS THE SINGULAR MOST IMPORTANT EVENT IN HUMAN EVOLUTION

  • @markthomas3730
    @markthomas3730 7 днів тому

    Scavenging is also much more efficient in terms of calorie expenditure...Why didn't she mention this

  • @NickBoubis-xq6pc
    @NickBoubis-xq6pc 7 днів тому

    There is no sceletal evidence anywere that shows a monkey turning man no were ever found or even so a birth hapening were a monkey is born from a human mother if u no what i mean.

  • @Odonanmarg
    @Odonanmarg 7 днів тому

    I enjoyed this quite a bit. I will probably watch it again.

  • @Odonanmarg
    @Odonanmarg 7 днів тому

    Exposure on my iPad for the skulls & bones is poor; over-exposed .

  • @pseudopetrus
    @pseudopetrus 7 днів тому

    I breed show chickens, this is so interesting!

  • @benparker2522
    @benparker2522 8 днів тому

    As a highly derived cambrian chordate myself I approve of this interview

  • @PercyTinglish
    @PercyTinglish 8 днів тому

    I'd be really interested to know what the contribution of the locals is. To say this work would be impossible without them is a wild claim

  • @bloodfamily6258
    @bloodfamily6258 8 днів тому

    I've seen Jack in a couple of things ---I think also on this channel once before. He seems so young but is obviously very well travelled. I love that this channel gives time to young scientists as well as old 60+ guys like myself!

    • @EvolutionSoup
      @EvolutionSoup 8 днів тому

      Yes we interviewed Jack back in the early days of this channel! He's come quite a long way since 😊

  • @jamestodd2323
    @jamestodd2323 8 днів тому

    Always fascinating to hear from shark experts.🎉🎉 The problem of pollution, overfishing and bycatch continues to be a real worry. I love also that the guest is obviously very passionate about conservation. Thank you for the links in the description! 💯

    • @MarkKnightbooks
      @MarkKnightbooks 8 днів тому

      Is there a conservation link?? I can't see it....

    • @TalkBeliefs
      @TalkBeliefs 8 днів тому

      ​​@@MarkKnightbooks Yes there is a link to Shark Trust

  • @jamesabernethy7896
    @jamesabernethy7896 8 днів тому

    I happened to catch a short documentary on ancient sharks yesterday from someone else I follow. While I knew that ancient sharks could be weird and wonderful, I had no idea how widespread they were. And while the Megalodon is infamous, I also had no idea how many of those different species got big.

  • @darthex0
    @darthex0 8 днів тому

    Has there been any scientific investigation into the fossilization process itself? I would be interested to know if body fossils undergoe any deformation or volume changes.

    • @EvolutionSoup
      @EvolutionSoup 8 днів тому

      Would make for an interesting interview idea🎉

  • @prestonforayter2584
    @prestonforayter2584 8 днів тому

    They should check out the teeth of homo erectus and see if they were meat eaters or not.

  • @Zorglub1966
    @Zorglub1966 8 днів тому

    We'll need a bigger boat...

  • @vincentx2850
    @vincentx2850 8 днів тому

    I think blaming the decline of overall shark diversity on megalodon sounds a bit reductive. True megalodon was mighty, but it is nothing compare to geological forces. And although an apex predator can have a profound impact on an ecosystem, they are also the most precarious ecological niche that has a tiny total biomass and high turnover rate. Surely, the formation of the Antarctic ice cap, the fall of sea level and the disappearance of vast nearshore ecosystems, as well as the rise of teleost fish are far more important factors to consider.

    • @bloodfamily6258
      @bloodfamily6258 8 днів тому

      According to Dr Cooper it was not just the extinction of megalodon but a host of factors

  • @tabularasa0606
    @tabularasa0606 8 днів тому

    Just don't make shark fin soup :(

  • @johnh539
    @johnh539 9 днів тому

    An interesting Hypotheses that I admit I have wondered about but when asked what Mr Adams proof was he talked about Morphology and geographic distribution neither of which are dependent on distinct lineages of Hominid so neither of which are any kind of proof. If there was any relevant evidence DNA would have found it. My Hypotheses is that we evolved from an Aquatic Primate and that our hairlessness and our bipedalism come not from crossing Savannas or walking on branches to keep our hands free; But from our wading through water . On the coste you avoid land predators by wading out to sea and avoid sea predators by going on land. Costal foraging is far more labour rewarding than inland foraging and you are always beside an escape route. It might be more than just conservation bias that all out earliest footprints where made in mud or verry shallow water by our ancestors that need not have been travelling but could just as easily been living in that environment by tradition. If we where a coastal species by time we where modern man we would long have learnt to build sea going craft so our costal migration could be hundreds or many thousands of years before any significant moves inland. Any conservation bias is likely to be supportive of a land Ape due to sea level rises meaning that the cost line our Ancestors followed are deep under the Oceans today. Ps the oldest piece of worked wood ever found looks remarkably like the joint between a Stabiliser and a Stretcher on traditional Canoes' from around the World today. We need more proof for any Hypotheses, my feeling is that a lot of it will comb from Marine Archaeology.

  • @spamm0145
    @spamm0145 9 днів тому

    Absolute science fiction, a mathematician who should know the folding of proteins by any other method than intelligent agency is utterly IMPOSSIBLE. How did the first ever molecular machine construct itself? Imagine being so low in common sense that you ascribe creative powers to 'no-thing', evolution 'invented', so evolution has a mind? Hold a smartphone in one hand and a chicken egg in the other, we can make one but the other is too complex. A single cell is literally a 'nano city', if you shrunk New York City down to the size of a human cell they would share similar complexity. What sort of mind entertains the idea that complexity beyond human capabilities 'invented' itself? If either of these people in the video came across a single sheet of paper with the word 'hello' printed on it, they would intuitively understand the source must be intelligent agency. The information within a single human cell requires 1.5 MILLION sheets of paper to print out but according to them the source is not intelligent agency. The source of information is always intelligent agency, an observational fact for all of recorded time.

  • @markthomas3730
    @markthomas3730 9 днів тому

    why hunt and expend all that energy. Scaveging and scaring off predators from their kill is much smarter

  • @PercyTinglish
    @PercyTinglish 9 днів тому

    Nice to know that the next time someone accuses me of cultural appropriation for my dreads i can tell them my ancestors have been wearing them for hundreds of millions of years 😂🤢

  • @michaelgee9268
    @michaelgee9268 9 днів тому

    So, it is very important because everyone wants to know.

  • @authormaryanngestwicki
    @authormaryanngestwicki 9 днів тому

    Absolutely fascinating discussion! Professor Chris Stringer’s insights on the Dragon Man and its place in our evolutionary history are mind-blowing. The idea that this ancient species might reshape our understanding of human ancestry is so exciting! It’s incredible how much we’re still learning about our past. Thanks for bringing this topic to light - can’t wait to see what future discoveries reveal!

    • @EvolutionSoup
      @EvolutionSoup 7 днів тому

      We hope to have Chris Stringer on again soon!

  • @vesuvandoppelganger
    @vesuvandoppelganger 9 днів тому

    Origins of the genetic code... The intelligent designer thought and thought and thought.

  • @timjustdim09weather
    @timjustdim09weather 9 днів тому

    I would imagine the type of blades used by Neanderthals and their hunting style would be governed by the prey they hunted. A large mammoth may not be stopped by a dainty blade thrown. Most likely they needed a heavy blade which needed pushing hard through the mammoths thick skin and fat layer.

  • @markthomas3730
    @markthomas3730 10 днів тому

    NOT the LAST...there is compelling evidence that Almas/Almasty/Kaptar still survive to this day in the remote Caucasus mountains...